Research showed that people who consumed more caffeine had an almost 40% lower risk of developing the neurodegenerative disease.
Parkinson 's is a degenerative and progressive condition, characterized by decreased speed of movement, involuntary tremors and muscle stiffness. Maintaining a balanced and healthy diet is one of the ways to prevent the disease. Now, a recent study shows that drinking coffee may also have a protective effect .
Published in the scientific journal Neurology , the research showed that caffeine may have a neuroprotective action, that is, it protects neurons against Parkinson's . According to the study authors, although there is already evidence that shows a relationship between coffee and a lower neurodegenerative risk, a study has not yet been carried out that quantifies biomarkers of caffeine intake before the disease manifests.
To carry out the study, researchers analyzed data from 184,024 individuals from six different countries — Sweden, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Spain and Italy. They were part of a larger study, called EPIC, that is underway to explore the relationship between nutrition and noncommunicable diseases. Participants in the current research cohort (EPIC4PD) were investigated for approximately 13 years.
Cases with the potential to develop Parkinson's were identified through medical records and validated by experts. Furthermore, the researchers divided the study into two parts, including the study with the EPIC4PD cohort and a case-control study — for each case of Parkinson's identified, a person who did not develop the disease was selected as a control.
Eating habits and lifestyle were assessed using a questionnaire. In it, participants reported the number of cups of coffee consumed per month, week or day. Daily coffee consumption was measured in milliliters, using typical cup sizes for each country involved in the study. Participants also completed lifestyle questionnaires, including smoking and alcohol consumption, education level, and physical activity .
Finally, an in-depth analysis was also carried out on the levels of primary caffeine metabolites, that is, substances that are produced when the body metabolizes caffeine, such as paraxanthine and theophylline in the blood.
What were the study findings?
Among study participants, 308 and 285 men and women were diagnosed with Parkinson's, respectively. According to the researchers, those who consumed coffee the most had an almost 40% lower risk of developing Parkinson's compared to those who did not consume it.
Despite the findings, the study is observational, that is, it only demonstrates a cause and effect relationship and is not able to prove cause and effect.
“In summary, our study validated the protective effect of caffeine on Parkinson's risk in a large prospective cohort and further confirmed the etiological role of caffeine using biospecimens prior to Parkinson's diagnosis in an untargeted exposomal scaffold. Our findings on the protective action of caffeine and its main metabolites provide insights into the etiology and prevention of PD.
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